PVP K12 = Polyvidone K12
CAS number: 9003-39-8
IUPAC Name: 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one
Molecular Formula: C6H9NO
MDL Number: MFCD01076626
pH: 3-7 (1/20 sol)
Molecular Weight of PVP K series:
PVP K12: 3000-7000
PVP K15: 8000-12000
PVP K17: 10000-16000
PVP K25: 30000-40000
PVP K30: 45000-58000
PVP K60: 270000-400000
PVP K90: 1000000-1500000
PVP K12, also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.
PVP was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s.
PVP K12 is not preferred as volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.
Polyvidone K12 is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets; it simply passes through the body when taken orally.
(However, autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.
The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown).
PVP added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.
PVP K12 is used in various products like solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps and surgical scrubs.
PVP K12 is known under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among a plethora of others.
Polyvidone K12 is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions).
For this purpose, povidone iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.
PVP is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions.
PVP K12 reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens.
Examples of PVP K12 use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology and Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845").
Ceramics – binder in high temperature fire-prepared products such as clay, pottery, porcelain, brick product, dispersant for ceramic media slurries and viscosity modifier.
Glass and Glass Fibers – acts as a binder, lubricant and coating agent.
Coatings/lnks – digital printing coating, ball-point inks, protective colloid and leveling agent for emulsion polymers/ coatings/ printing inks, pigment dispersant, water colors for commercial art, temporary protective coatings, paper coatings, waxes and polishes.
Electronic Applications – storage batteries, printed circuits, cathode ray tubes, chemical-mechanical planarization slurries.
Lithography and Photography – foil emulsions, etch coatings, plate storage, gumming of lithographic plates, dampener roll solutions, photo and laser imaging processes, microencapsulation, thermal recording, carrier, finisher preserver of lithographic plates, thermal transfer recording ribbons and optical recording discs.
Fibers and Textiles – synthetic fibers, dyeing and printing, fugitive tinting, widely used as dye dispersant and to disperse titanium dioxide, scouring, delustering, sizing and finishing, greaseproofing aid, soil release agent
Applications of PVP K12 take advantage of one or more properties inherent in the polymer, typically due to the lactam ring.
High polarity and the resultant propensity to form complexes with hydrogen donors, such as phenols and carboxylic acids, as well as anionic dyes and inorganic salts.
Dispersancy, where components in a mixture are uniformly distributed through the use of polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Hydrophilicity, where the substantial water solubility of polyvinylpyrrolidone is its dominant feature and frequently a factor along with other properties valuable to numerous applications.
Adhesion, taking advantage of the higher molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidones formulating in aqueous media, then evaporating sufficient water to generate a solid product for the desired application.
Cohesivity, where cohesive strength is achieved through a variety of dry blending and granulation techniques.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is cross-linkable to a water insoluble, swellable material either in the course of vinylpyrrolidone polymerization, by addition of an appropriate multifunctional comonomer or by post-reaction, typically through hydrogen abstraction chemistry.
Home Care Features and Benefits of Polyvidone K12
-acts as rheology modifier
-is a highly adhesive tablet binder
-stabilizes emulsion and structures liquid products
-provides anti-soil redeposition, enzyme stabilization and dye transfer inhibition
-functions as binder and protective coating for enzymes
-provides surface shine enhancement
-forms hard, transparent, glossy films
Home Care Applications of PVP K12
-dishwashing liquids
-dishwashing and laundry tablets
-laundry detergents
-hard surface cleaners
What is PVP K12?
PVP K12 is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing and suspending drugs.
PVP K12 has multiple uses, including as a binder for tablets and capsules, a film former for ophthalmic solutions, to aid in flavoring liquids and chewable tablets, and as an adhesive for transdermal systems.
Key Applications of PVP K12
Hair Care;
Dishwashing;
Fabric Care;
Household Cleaners;
Industrial and Institutional Cleaners
In addition, PVP also stabilizes emulsions, dispersions and suspensions.
PVP K12 is soluble in water and many organic solvents.
Polyvidone K12 are available in a range of viscosities and supplied as either powders or aqueous solutions.
Povidone has the molecular formula of (C6H9NO)n and appears as a white to slightly off-white powder.
Povidone formulations are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry due to their ability to dissolve in both water and oil solvents.
The k number refers to the mean molecular weight of the povidone.
Povidones with higher K-values (i.e., k90) are not usually given by injection due to their high molecular weights.
The higher molecular weights prevent excretion by the kidneys and lead to accumulation in the body.
The best-known example of povidone formulations is povidone-iodine, an important disinfectant.
CAS: 9003-39-8
Molecular Formula: C6H9NO
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 111.144
MDL Number: MFCD01076626
InChI Key: WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-NShow Less
Synonym
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, n-vinylpyrrolidone, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one, n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, vinylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl, 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, n-vinylpyrrolidinone, 1-vinylpyrrolidoneShow Less
PubChem CID: 6917
ChEBI: CHEBI:82551
IUPAC Name: 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one
SMILES: C=CN1CCCC1=O
PVP K12
Polyvidone K12 is linear, random and is produced by the free-radical polymerization.
PVP K12 is hygroscopic and amorphous.
Polyvidone K12 has high polarity, dispersany, adhesion and cohesion.
Polyvidone K12 forms hard, glossy and oxygen permeable film.
PVP K12 is soluble in water and polar solvents.
PVP K12 is insoluble in esters, ethers, ketones and hydrocarbons.
Suitable for digital ink-jet printing.
PVP K-12 is a hygroscopic, amorphous polymer supplied as a white, free-flowing powder.
PVP K12 can be plasticized with water and most common organic plasticizers.
Polyvidone K12 is considered to be physiologically inert.
PVP K12 is cross-linkable to a water insoluble, swellable material either in the course of vinylpyrrolidone polymerization, by addition of an appropriate multifunctional comonomer or by post-reaction, typically through hydrogen abstraction chemistry.
PVP products are recommended for dishwashing, fabric care, household cleaning, and industrial and institutional cleaning applications.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a hygroscopic, amorphous polymer supplied as a white, free-flowing powder or a clear aqueous solution.
Available in several molecular weight grades, they are characterized by K-value, and used in a great variety of applications.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone can be plasticized with water and most common organic plasticizers.
PVP K12 is considered to be physiologically inert.
Description of Polyvidone K12
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone
P 2070 (OTTO) Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-12, PVP K-12 Cas 9003-39-8 - used for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters.
P 2070 (OTTO) Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-12, PVP K-12 Cas 9003-39-8 - used as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating.
PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-12 polymer is a hygroscopic, amorphous polymer.
PVP K12 is a low molecular weight linear nonionic polymer that is soluble in water and organic solvents, and is pH stable.
PVP K12 forms hard glossy transparent films and has adhesive, cohesive and dispersive properties.
PVP K12 can be plasticized with water and most common organic plasticizers.
Polyvidone K12 is considered to be physiologically inert.
Applications of PVP K12 take advantage of one or more properties inherent in the polymer, typically due to the pyrrolidone ring.
High polarity and the resultant propensity to form complexes with hydrogen donors, such as phenols and carboxylic acids, as well as anionic dyes and inorganic salts.
Dispersancy, where components in a mixture are uniformly distributed through the use of polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Hydrophilicity, where the water solubility of PVP is its dominant feature and frequently a factor along with other properties valuable to numerous applications.
The effects of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) molecular weight, composition, and content on the crystallization of a model drug, MK-0591, were investigated.
Solid dispersions of crystalline MK-0591 with PVP homopolymers of different molecular weights (2500-1 x 10(6) g/mol) and with a copolymer containing poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA), (PVP/VA, 60:40, 5.8 x 10(4) g/mol) were prepared by the solvent method.
MK-0591 in the solid dispersions was found to be X-ray amorphous.
One glass transition temperature (T(g)) was observed suggesting drug-polymer miscibility.
The T(g) values were higher than predicted by the Gordon-Taylor equation, indicating drug-polymer interactions.
The extent of crystallization inhibition increased with PVP molecular weight and, for a comparable PVP molecular weight, the homopolymer was more effective in the crystallization inhibition of the drug than the copolymer.
The first onset temperature of crystallization (T(c)(obs)) increased with polymer content.
The T(c)(obs) values (normalized to polymer content) were a function of the difference between the T(g) of the polymer and drug. For PVP K-90, K-30, and K-17 dispersions, the T(c)(obs) values increased proportionally to the T(g) of the dispersions.
However, for PVP K-12 and PVP/VA, the increase in T(c)(obs) values corresponded to a small decrease in the T(g) values of the dispersions.
This result suggests that additional factors other than the reduction in mobility affect the crystallization behavior of MK-0591 in the solid dispersions, such as specific interactions.
By Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, changes in the carbonyl-stretching band of PVP in the solid dispersions were observed.
The existence of an ion-dipole interaction between COO(-)Na(+) of the drug and the cyclic amide group of PVP was postulated.
Categories Polymer science compounds,Hydrophobic polymers
Appearance (Form)Powder to flakes
Appearance (Colour) White to off-white
Identification Passes test
Assay of nitrogen (on dried substance) 11.5 - 12.8%
Water≤ 5%
pH 3.0 - 5.0 (5% aq. soln.)
Other uses of PVP K12
Polyvidone K12 binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity.
PVP K12 has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.
PVP is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes.
PVP K12 has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions.
PVP is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.
As a food additive, PVP is a stabilizer and has E number E1201.
PVPP (crospovidone) is E1202.
PVP K12 is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine and some beers.
In molecular biology, PVP can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer.
Polyvidone K12 is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification.
Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
In microscopy, PVP K12 is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.
PVP K12 can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.
Property: PVP K-12 polymer
Appearance @ 25°C: Off-white amorphous powder
K-Value (Viscosity of 1% solution): 10-14
Color (APHA): <50
% Active: 95 min.
% Moisture: 5 max.
% Ash (combustion): <0.02
pH (5% aqueous solution): 3-5
Bulk Density (g/cc): 0.6-0.7
Molecular weight (g/mol): 4,000-6,000
Tg (°C): 120
PVP K12 used in the manufacture of Mebeverine HCI pellets 70% is well known excipient.
The specification for PVP K12 is based on the British pharmacopoeia and is therefore considered to be justified.
Micromechanical properties of PVP K12 interparticle bridges formed by different polymeric binder differ on their viscosity.
RCDG gave poor results as very fine and inconsistent particle size with PVP K12 and HPC SSL.
Polyvidone K12 may cause of elastic deformation of acetaminophen which produced poor compact even after two roll compaction.
However, there have been documented cases of allergic reactions to PVP/povidone, particularly regarding subcutaneous (applied under the skin) use and situations where the PVP has come in contact with autologous serum (internal blood fluids) and mucous membranes.
For example, a boy having an anaphylactic response after application of PVP-Iodine for treatment of impetigo was found to be allergic to the PVP component of the solution.
A woman, who had previously experienced urticaria (hives) from various hair products, later found to contain PVP, had an anaphylactic response after povidone-iodine solution was applied internally.
She was found to be allergic to PVP.
In another case, a man experiencing anaphylaxis after taking acetaminophen tablets orally was found to be allergic to PVP.
Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other chemicals.
Some of these, such as iodine, are blamed for allergic responses, although testing results in some patients show no signs of allergy to the suspect chemical.
Allergies attributed to these other chemicals may possibly be caused by the PVP instead.
Properties of PVP K12
PVP K12 is soluble in water and other polar solvents.
For example, PVP K12 is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).
When dry PVP K12 is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water.
In solution, PVP K12 has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films.
PVP K12 makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of PVP and its oxidized hydrolyzate.
PVP K12, a kind of non-ionic polymer, is one of the most characteristic and most widely studied fine chemical in N- vinyl amide polymer.
The K value of PVP is actually the characteristic value related to the relative viscosity of PVP aqueous solution, and the viscosity is the physical quantity related to the molecular weight of polymer, so the K value can be used to characterize the average molecular weight of PVP.
The larger the K value is, the greater the viscosity is, the stronger the adhesion.
PVP K12 is a synthetic water-soluble polymer compound, has the general properties of water soluble polymer, colloid protection, film, adhesion, solubility or aggregation, but the most characteristic is the excellent solubility and biocompatibility.
In the synthesis of polymer like PVP is soluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents, low toxicity, good physiological compatibility is rare, especially in medicine, food, cosmetics, which is closely related to people's health in the field, with the raw material prices lower butyrolactone, will show a good the prospect of its development.
Many people confuse about the K value of PVP and the corresponding molecular weight, so here is the K value of each model and its molecular weight of PVP:
Five varieties of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone i.e., PVP K-12, PVP K-17, PVP K-25, PVP K-30 and PVP K-90 were studied in this investigation.
The drug polymer ratios in these formulations were ranged from 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6.
The solid dispersions were prepared by microwave fusion method and compressed by tablet punching machine.
The prepared tablets were evaluated for physicochemical properties and dug release characteristics.
The drug release was further analyzed kinetically with first order and Hixson Crowell’s plots.
All the batches of tablets were shown good release characteristics and among the Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone polymers, PVP K-17 was found to be good as a carrier for increasing the solubility and Release rate from the solid dispersions of Etoricoxib.
The results showed that the MADG and HME technique using maltodextrin, PVP K12 and HPC as “polymeric-binders” enabled to obtain desirable granules, while the use of RCDG/PVP and RCDG/ HPC gave poor result in granules preparation.
MADG/Maltodextrin and HME HME /Malltodextrin provided granules with a more irregular and porous surface area than other granules, as observed by SEM.
These characteristics reflected on the dissolution behaviour, showing that granules prepared with Maltodextrin/MADG and Malltodextrin/HME methods increases the dissolution rate of acetaminophen, followed by granules prepared with PVP, HPC in all three granulation methods.
In conclusion, the findings of this work showed that MADG and HME methods of granulation could be very successful industry feasible methods to improve the dissolution rate of a poorly soluble drug as
Acetaminophen, when associated with maltodextrin as binder.
These methods, minimizes the total number of excipients thus decreasing the complexity of the formulation and increasing the scalability of the formulation.
Due to PVP K12s unique structure, PVP can form complexes with a variety of compounds or simple substances, just like a lot of toxins, viruses, medicines and poisonous chemicals, to reduce their toxicity and irritability.
PVP can complex with iodine,the complex obtained is a kind of microbicide.
-Water-soluble complexes can be formed by PVP complexing with insoluble effective ingredients.
PVP K12 can be used as dissolving assistant, control release agent and so on.
Polyvidone K12 has srong complexing ability with some substances,such as polyatomic phenol.
The complexes deposit in neutral or acid materials.
Features of PVP K12 can be utilized to remove polyatomic phenol and anthocyan from solutions or drinks.
But if insoluble PVP is used, the effect will be better.
Note: Strong alkali (such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydroxide) can make PVP cross-linked, which is easier to happen at high temperature.
Under extreme conditions, PVP K12 thickens liquid medicine, and prevents release of effective ingredients.
Precautions for safe handling :
Comply with the legal requirements.
Remove contaminated clothing immediately.
Clean contaminated clothing.
Powdered form: no compressed air for pumping over.
Avoid raising dust.
Take precautions against electrostatic charges.
Keep away from naked flames/heat.
Finely divided: spark- and explosionproof appliances.
Finely divided: keep away from ignition sources/sparks.
Observe normal hygiene standards.
Keep container tightly closed.
Measure the concentration in the air regularly.
Carry operations in the open/under local exhaust/ventilation or with respiratory protection.
PVP K12 is also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or polyvidone which is a synthetic water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.
Polyvidone K12 is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets and used in many technical applications with various roles such as an adhesive, additive, and emulsifier.
PVP K12 is also used in some eye drops as a lubricant.
PVP added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodinethat possesses disinfectant properties due to the presence of iodine, a bactericidal component.
Providone-iodine can be found in solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps and surgical scrubs.
Methods for cleaning up : Stop dust cloud by humidifying.
Scoop solid spill into closing containers.
Powdered: do not use compressed air for pumping over spills.
Carefully collect the spill/leftovers.
See "Materialhandling" for suitable container materials.
Take collected spill to manufacturer/competent authority.
Clean contaminated surfaces with an excess of water.
Wash clothing and equipmentafter handling.
Provide equipment/receptacles with earthing.
Powdered form: no compressed air for pumping over spills.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a water-soluble polymer obtained by polymerization of monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.
Polyvidone K12 is an inert, non-toxic, temperature-resistant, pH-stable, biocompatible, biodegradable polymer that helps to encapsulate and cater both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
These advantages enable PVP a versatile excipient in the formulation development of broad conventional to novel controlled delivery systems.
Polyvidone K12 has tunable properties and can be used as a brace component for gene delivery, orthopedic implants, and tissue engineering applications.
PVP Based on different molecular weights and modified forms, PVP can lead to exceptional beneficial features with varying chemical properties.
Graft copolymerization and other techniques assist PVP to conjugate with poorly soluble drugs that can inflate bioavailability and even introduces the desired swelling tract for their control or sustained release.
The present review provides chemistry, mechanical, physicochemical properties, evaluation parameters, dewy preparation methods of PVP derivatives intended for designing conventional to controlled systems for drug, gene, and cosmetic delivery.
Aldehyde 0.05% max.
Additional Information K-value: 10.2 to 13.8
Merck Index 15, 7814
European Color Test B color: < B6, BY color: < BY6, R color: < R6
Hydrazine 1ppm max.
Heavy Metals (as Pb) 10ppm max.
Identification Passes Test
Physical Form Powder or Flakes
Infrared Spectrum Authentic
Percent Purity 11.5 to 12.8% (nitrogen, on anh. subst.), 10ppm 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one max. (HPLC), 3.0% max. 2-pyrrolidone (HPLC)
Peroxides 400ppm max. (titanyl sulphate method)
Packaging Plastic bottle
Solubility Solubility in water: soluble. Other solubilities: soluble in alcohol and chloroform, practically insoluble in ether
Sulfated Ash 0.1% max.
Water 5% Max. (K.F.)
Color White to White-Yellow
pH 3.0 to 5.0 (5% aq. soln.)
Quantity 250g
Chemical Name or Material Polyvinylpyrrolidone, K12